cross sectoral analysis

focus on interaction between sectors and their management

need to evaluate cumulative impacts of human activities on ecosystems

need to make explicit decisions about tradeoffs in ecosystem services

because of potential for interactions between different activities in the marine environment focus on tradeoffs in ecosystem services.

decision theoretic framework allows policy to explicitly consider options

conventional management usually focuses on single sector objectives

using solely biophysical properties can specific areas be delineated that seem to share commonality

starting point for discussion of management units or areas

geographically bounding the future policy discussion

recognize that some species and properties inevitably cross boundaries so the boundaries are inherently leaky

looking for subregional boundaries for possible analysis of management options.

give specific example of process and illustrate output

threats identified at regional and then localized scale

potential negative impacts of activities (threats) ranked relative to each other, by ecosystem type

focus attention on primary activities that have the potential for negative impacts, thereby allowing for more focused analysis of interactions and feedbacks among activities (see below)

definition of “activity” is related to the ecosystem service

give specific example of process and results, at regional (CA current) and local (MBNMS) scales

depends on value of activities related to ecosystem attributes, services relate to human activity and value in supporting human well-being (OR: BASED ON STAKEHOLDER INPUT? BRING THIS UP AT THIS STAGE IN ADDITION TO FINAL STEP?)

likely to be incomplete with iteration adding additional services as information improves

needs to consider possibility of services not currently used but may become more prominent in future

examples at different scales of the system

use the outcome of the threats analysis and the geography from the boundary delineation as a basis for discussion of key activities

need to identify key interactions and feedback loops from one service to another or from a service back to itself (e.g. compensatory response)

use path analysis as an analytical tool for considering direct and indirect effects

interactions and feedback used in developing models for generating services

describe example for kelp habitat

using economic valuation so that services can be compared in a common currency (dollars, euros).

calculate willingness to pay for activities (services) that depend upon the ecosystem

example considering services related to kelp habitat

generate state variables that activities (services) depend upon

generating functions can take many possible forms and need not be the same for all state variables

use results of path analysis on interactions in order to ensure key interactions and feedbacks are included

use valuation methods for generated services to explore response to management actions

possible example with the MBNMS management plan

value of services go into objective function conditioned on management actions (e.g. limitation on activities)

services are weighted through stakeholder process

objective function can be explored or optimized (or satisficed) over the range of policy options

consider option value of services and reducing uncertainty in future